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another example

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Daniel Hillerström 5 years ago
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  1. 138
      macros.tex
  2. 222
      thesis.tex

138
macros.tex
View File

@ -706,3 +706,141 @@
} }
; ;
\end{tikzpicture}} \end{tikzpicture}}
\newcommand{\smath}[1]{\ensuremath{{\scriptstyle #1}}}
\newcommand{\InfiniteModel}{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 3.0cm/##1,
level distance = 1.0cm}]
\node (root) [draw=none] { }
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [draw=none,rotate=165] {$\vdots$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[leaf] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node [leaf] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
;
\end{tikzpicture}}
%
\newcommand{\ShortConjModel}{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 3.5cm/##1,
level distance = 1.0cm}]
\node (root) [draw=none] { }
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [treenode] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[treenode] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node [treenode] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
;
\end{tikzpicture}}
%
\newcommand{\TTTwoModel}{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 8cm/##1,
level distance = 1.5cm}]
\node (root) [draw=none] { }
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 1}$}
child { node [leaf] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[leaf] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 1}$}
child { node [leaf] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[leaf] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
;
\end{tikzpicture}}
%
\newcommand{\XORTwoModel}{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 5.5cm/##1,
level distance = 1cm}]
\node (root) [draw=none] { }
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 1}$}
child { node [treenode] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[treenode] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 1}$}
child { node [treenode] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[treenode] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
;
\end{tikzpicture}}
%
\newcommand{\SXORTwoModel}{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 2.5cm/##1,
level distance = 1cm}]
\node (root) [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 1}$}
child { node [treenode] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[treenode] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 1}$}
child { node [treenode] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[treenode] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
;
\end{tikzpicture}}
%
\newcommand{\TTZeroModel}{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 1cm/##1,
level distance = 1cm}]
\node (root) [draw=none] { }
child { node [treenode] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
;
\end{tikzpicture}}%

222
thesis.tex
View File

@ -4855,11 +4855,12 @@ designed by \citet{Longley09} in 2008~\cite{LongleyW08}. Its origin is
in game semantics, in which program evaluation is viewed as an in game semantics, in which program evaluation is viewed as an
interactive dialogue with the ambient environment~\cite{Hyland97} --- interactive dialogue with the ambient environment~\cite{Hyland97} ---
this view aligns neatly with the view of effect handler oriented this view aligns neatly with the view of effect handler oriented
programming. Curiously, \citeauthor{Longley09} and
\citeauthor{PlotkinP09} developed catchcont and effect handlers,
respectively, during the same time, in the same country, in the same
city, in the same building. Despite all of this the two operators have
not yet been related formally.
programming. Curiously, we can view catchcont and effect handlers as
``siblings'' in the sense that \citeauthor{Longley09} and
\citeauthor{PlotkinP09} them respectively, during the same time,
whilst working in the same department. However, the relationship is
presently just `spiritual' as no formal connections have been drawn
between the two operators.
The catchcont operator appears as a computation form in our calculus. The catchcont operator appears as a computation form in our calculus.
% %
@ -4913,10 +4914,105 @@ the second component of the returned pair. Importantly, the second
$\lambda$-abstraction makes sure to bind any instances of $f$ in the $\lambda$-abstraction makes sure to bind any instances of $f$ in the
captured evaluation context once it has been reinstated by the captured evaluation context once it has been reinstated by the
\slab{Resume} rule. \slab{Resume} rule.
Let us consider an example use of catchcont to compute a tree
representing the interaction between a second-order function and its
first-order parameter.
%
\[
\bl
\dec{odd} : (\Int \to \Bool) \to \Bool \times \UnitType\\
\dec{odd}~f \defas \Record{\dec{xor}\,(f~0)\,(f~1); \Unit}
\el
\]
%
The function $\dec{odd}$ expects its environment to provide it with an
implementation of a single operation of type $\Int \to \Bool$. The
body of $\dec{odd}$ invokes, or queries, this operation twice with
arguments $0$ and $1$, respectively. The results are then tested using
exclusive-or.
Now, let us implement the environment for $\dec{odd}$.
%
\[
\bl
\dec{Dialogue} \defas [!:\Int;?:\Record{\Bool,\dec{Dialogue},\dec{Dialogue}}] \smallskip\\
\dec{env} : ((\Int \to \Bool) \to \Bool \times \UnitType) \to \dec{Dialogue}\\
\dec{env}~m \defas
\bl
\Case\;\Catchcont~f.m~f\;\{
\ba[t]{@{}l@{~}c@{~}l}
\Inl~\Record{ans;\Unit} &\mapsto& \dec{!}ans;\\
\Inr~\Record{q;k} &\mapsto& \dec{?}q\,(\dec{env}~k~\True)\,(\dec{env}~k~\False)\}
\ea
\el
\el
\]
%
We allow ourselves to use recursive data types to make the example
concise. Type $\dec{Dialogue}$ represents the dialogue between
$\dec{odd}$ and its parameter. The data structure is a standard binary
tree with two constructors: $!$ constructs a leaf holding a value of
type $\Int$ and $?$ constructs an interior node holding a value of
type $\Bool$ and two subtrees. The function $\dec{env}$ implements the
environment that $\dec{odd}$ will be run in. This function evaluates
its parameter $m$ under $\Catchcont$ which injects the operation
$f$. If $m$ returns, then the left component gets tagged with $!$,
otherwise the argument to the operation $q$ gets tagged with a $?$
along with the subtrees constructed by the two recursive applications
of $\dec{env}$.
%
% The primitive structure of catchcont makes it somewhat fiddly to
% program with it compared to other control operators as we have to
% manually unpack the data.
The following derivation gives the high-level details of how
evaluation proceeds.
% %
\begin{derivation} \begin{derivation}
1 + (\Catchcont~f.
&\dec{env}~\dec{odd}\\
\reducesto^+ & \reason{$\beta$-reduction}\\
&\bl
\Case\;\Catchcont~f.\;\Record{\dec{xor}\,(f~0)\,(f~1);\Unit}\{\cdots\}
% \ba[t]{@{}l@{~}c@{~}l}
% \Inl~\Record{ans;\Unit} &\mapsto& \dec{!}ans;\\
% \Inr~\Record{q;k} &\mapsto& \dec{?}q\,(\dec{env}~k~\True)\,(\dec{env}~k~\False)\}
% \ea
\el\\
\reducesto& \reason{\slab{Capture} $\EC = \Record{\dec{xor}\,[\,]\,(f~1),\Unit}$}\\
&\bl
\Case\;\Inr\,\Record{0;\lambda x.\lambda f.\qq{\cont_{\EC}}\,x}\;\{\cdots\}
% \ba[t]{@{}l@{~}c@{~}l}
% \Inl~\Record{ans;\Unit} &\mapsto& \dec{!}ans;\\
% \Inr~\Record{q;k} &\mapsto& \dec{?}q\,\bl (\dec{env}~\qq{\cont_{\EC}}~\True)\\(\dec{env}~\qq{\cont_{\EC}}~\False)\}\el
% \ea
\el\\
\reducesto^+& \reason{\slab{Resume} $\EC$ with $\True$}\\
&\dec{?}0\,(\Case\;\Catchcont~f.\;\Record{\dec{xor}~\True\,(f~1);\Unit}\{\cdots\})\,(\dec{env}~\qq{\cont_{\EC}}~\False)\\
\reducesto^+& \reason{\slab{Capture} $\EC' = \Record{\dec{xor}~\True\,[\,], \Unit}$}\\
&\dec{?}0\,(\dec{?}1\,(\dec{env}~\qq{\cont_{\EC'}}~\True)\,(\dec{env}~\qq{\cont_{\EC'}}~\False))\,(\dec{env}~\qq{\cont_{\EC}}~\False)\\
\reducesto^+& \reason{\slab{Resume} $\EC'$ with $\True$}\\
&\dec{?}0\,\bl(\dec{?}1\,(\Case\;\Catchcont~f.\Record{\dec{xor}~\True~\True;\Unit}\;\{\cdots\})\,(\dec{env}~\qq{\cont_{\EC'}}~\False))\\(\dec{env}~\qq{\cont_{\EC}}~\False)\el\\
\reducesto^+& \reason{\slab{Value}}\\
&\dec{?}0\,\bl(\dec{?}1\,(\Case\;\Inl~\Record{\False;\Unit}\;\{\cdots\})\,(\dec{env}~\qq{\cont_{\EC'}}~\False))\\(\dec{env}~\qq{\cont_{\EC}}~\False)\el\\
\reducesto& \reason{$\beta$-reduction}\\
&\dec{?}0\,\bl(\dec{?}1\,\dec{!}\False\,(\dec{env}~\qq{\cont_{\EC'}}~\False))\,(\dec{env}~\qq{\cont_{\EC}}~\False)\el\\
\reducesto^+&\reason{Same reasoning}\\
&?0\,(?1\,!\False\,!\True)\,(?1\,!\True\,!\False)
\end{derivation} \end{derivation}
%
Figure~\ref{fig:decision-tree-cc} visualises this result as a binary
tree. The example here does not make use of the `continuation
component', the interested reader may consult \citet{LongleyW08} for
an example usage.
%
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\scalebox{1.3}{\SXORTwoModel}
\end{center}
\caption{Visualisation of the result obtained by
$\dec{env}~\dec{odd}$.}\label{fig:decision-tree-cc}
\end{figure}
% \subsection{Second-class control operators} % \subsection{Second-class control operators}
% Coroutines, async/await, generators/iterators, amb. % Coroutines, async/await, generators/iterators, amb.
@ -17080,118 +17176,6 @@ applying it to $\dec{q}_1$ or $\dec{q}_2$ yields $\True$.
% %
\medskip \medskip
\newcommand{\smath}[1]{\ensuremath{{\scriptstyle #1}}}
\newcommand{\InfiniteModel}{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 3.0cm/##1,
level distance = 1.0cm}]
\node (root) [draw=none] { }
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [draw=none,rotate=165] {$\vdots$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[leaf] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node [leaf] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
;
\end{tikzpicture}}
%
\newcommand{\ShortConjModel}{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 3.5cm/##1,
level distance = 1.0cm}]
\node (root) [draw=none] { }
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [treenode] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[treenode] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node [treenode] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
;
\end{tikzpicture}}
%
\newcommand{\TTTwoModel}{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 8cm/##1,
level distance = 1.5cm}]
\node (root) [draw=none] { }
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 1}$}
child { node [leaf] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[leaf] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 1}$}
child { node [leaf] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[leaf] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
;
\end{tikzpicture}}
%
\newcommand{\XORTwoModel}{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 5.5cm/##1,
level distance = 1cm}]
\node (root) [draw=none] { }
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 0}$}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 1}$}
child { node [treenode] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[treenode] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node [opnode] {$\smath{\query 1}$}
child { node [treenode] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
child { node[treenode] {$\smath{\ans\False}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
edge from parent node { }
}
;
\end{tikzpicture}}
%
\newcommand{\TTZeroModel}{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 1cm/##1,
level distance = 1cm}]
\node (root) [draw=none] { }
child { node [treenode] {$\smath{\ans\True}$}
edge from parent node { }
}
;
\end{tikzpicture}}%
% %
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering \centering
@ -17279,7 +17263,7 @@ is precisely the number of $\ans \True$ leaves in the tree.
Of the examples we have given, the tree for $\dec{T}_0$ is 0-standard; Of the examples we have given, the tree for $\dec{T}_0$ is 0-standard;
those for $\dec{I}_0$ and $\dec{I}_1$ are 1-standard; that for those for $\dec{I}_0$ and $\dec{I}_1$ are 1-standard; that for
$\dec{Odd}_n$ is $n$-standard; and the rest are not $n$-standard for
$\dec{odd}_n$ is $n$-standard; and the rest are not $n$-standard for
any $n$. any $n$.
\subsection{Formal definitions} \subsection{Formal definitions}

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