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@ -3022,22 +3022,22 @@ Section~\ref{sec:base-language-type-rules}. |
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% %\slab{Type variables} &\alpha, \rho, \theta& \\ |
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% %\slab{Type variables} &\alpha, \rho, \theta& \\ |
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% \slab{Type environments} &\Gamma &::=& \cdot \mid \Gamma, x:A \\ |
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% \slab{Type environments} &\Gamma &::=& \cdot \mid \Gamma, x:A \\ |
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% \slab{Kind environments} &\Delta &::=& \cdot \mid \Delta, \alpha:K |
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% \slab{Kind environments} &\Delta &::=& \cdot \mid \Delta, \alpha:K |
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\slab{Value types} &A,B \in \ValTypeCat &::= & A \to C |
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\slab{Value\mathrm{~}types} &A,B \in \ValTypeCat &::= & A \to C |
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\mid \forall \alpha^K.C |
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\mid \forall \alpha^K.C |
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\mid \Record{R} \mid [R] |
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\mid \Record{R} \mid [R] |
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\mid \alpha \\ |
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\mid \alpha \\ |
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\slab{Computation types\!\!} |
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\slab{Computation\mathrm{~}types\!\!} |
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&C,D \in \CompTypeCat &::= & A \eff E \\ |
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&C,D \in \CompTypeCat &::= & A \eff E \\ |
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\slab{Effect types} &E \in \EffectCat &::= & \{R\}\\ |
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\slab{Row types} &R \in \RowCat &::= & \ell : P;R \mid \rho \mid \cdot \\ |
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\slab{Presence types\!\!\!\!\!} &P \in \PresenceCat &::= & \Pre{A} \mid \Abs \mid \theta\\ |
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\slab{Effect\mathrm{~}types} &E \in \EffectCat &::= & \{R\}\\ |
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\slab{Row\mathrm{~}types} &R \in \RowCat &::= & \ell : P;R \mid \rho \mid \cdot \\ |
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\slab{Presence\mathrm{~}types\!\!\!\!\!} &P \in \PresenceCat &::= & \Pre{A} \mid \Abs \mid \theta\\ |
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\\ |
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\\ |
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\slab{Types} &T \in \TypeCat &::= & A \mid C \mid E \mid R \mid P \\ |
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\slab{Types} &T \in \TypeCat &::= & A \mid C \mid E \mid R \mid P \\ |
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\slab{Kinds} &K \in \KindCat &::= & \Type \mid \Comp \mid \Effect \mid \Row_\mathcal{L} \mid \Presence \\ |
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\slab{Kinds} &K \in \KindCat &::= & \Type \mid \Comp \mid \Effect \mid \Row_\mathcal{L} \mid \Presence \\ |
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\slab{Label sets} &\mathcal{L} \in \LabelCat &::=& \emptyset \mid \{\ell\} \uplus \mathcal{L}\\\\ |
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\slab{Label\mathrm{~}sets} &\mathcal{L} \in \LabelCat &::=& \emptyset \mid \{\ell\} \uplus \mathcal{L}\\\\ |
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\slab{Type environments} &\Gamma \in \TyEnvCat &::=& \cdot \mid \Gamma, x:A \\ |
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\slab{Kind environments} &\Delta \in \KindEnvCat &::=& \cdot \mid \Delta, \alpha:K \\ |
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\slab{Type\mathrm{~}environments} &\Gamma \in \TyEnvCat &::=& \cdot \mid \Gamma, x:A \\ |
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\slab{Kind\mathrm{~}environments} &\Delta \in \KindEnvCat &::=& \cdot \mid \Delta, \alpha:K \\ |
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\end{syntax} |
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\end{syntax} |
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\caption{Syntax of types, kinds, and their environments.} |
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\caption{Syntax of types, kinds, and their environments.} |
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\label{fig:base-language-types} |
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\label{fig:base-language-types} |
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@ -10649,11 +10649,12 @@ continuation argument per handler in scope~\cite{SchusterBO20}. The |
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idea of iterated CPS is due to \citet{DanvyF90}, who used it to give |
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idea of iterated CPS is due to \citet{DanvyF90}, who used it to give |
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develop a CPS transform for shift and reset. |
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develop a CPS transform for shift and reset. |
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% |
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% |
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\citet{XieBHSL20} has devised an \emph{evidence-passing translation} |
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\citet{XieBHSL20} have devised an \emph{evidence-passing translation} |
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for deep effect handlers. The basic idea is similar to |
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for deep effect handlers. The basic idea is similar to |
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capability-passing style as evidence for handlers are passed downwards |
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capability-passing style as evidence for handlers are passed downwards |
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to their operations in shape of a vector containing the handlers in |
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to their operations in shape of a vector containing the handlers in |
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scope through computations. |
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scope through computations. \citet{XieL20} have realised handlers by |
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evidence-passing style as a Haskell library. |
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There are clear connections between the CPS translations presented in |
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There are clear connections between the CPS translations presented in |
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this chapter and the continuation monad implementation of |
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this chapter and the continuation monad implementation of |
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@ -10730,7 +10731,10 @@ then in the image $\cps{M}\,k \reducesto^\ast k\,\cps{V}$. |
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% \paragraph{Partial evaluation} |
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% \paragraph{Partial evaluation} |
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\paragraph{ANF vs CPS} |
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\paragraph{Selective CPS transforms} |
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\paragraph{Selective CPS transforms} |
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\citet{Nielsen01} \citet{DanvyH92} \citet{DanvyH93} \citet{Leijen17} |
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\chapter{Abstract machine semantics} |
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\chapter{Abstract machine semantics} |
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\label{ch:abstract-machine} |
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\label{ch:abstract-machine} |
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@ -11349,7 +11353,7 @@ If $\typc{}{M : A}{E}$ and $M \reducesto^+ N \not\reducesto$, then $M |
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\part{Expressiveness} |
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\part{Expressiveness} |
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\chapter{Interdefinability of deep and shallow handlers} |
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\chapter{Interdefinability of effect handlers} |
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\label{ch:deep-vs-shallow} |
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\label{ch:deep-vs-shallow} |
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In this section we show that shallow handlers and general recursion |
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In this section we show that shallow handlers and general recursion |
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@ -11373,18 +11377,34 @@ resumption has its body wrapped in a call to this recursive function. |
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% |
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% |
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Formally, the translation $\dstrans{-}$ is defined as the homomorphic |
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Formally, the translation $\dstrans{-}$ is defined as the homomorphic |
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extension of the following equations to all terms. |
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extension of the following equations to all terms. |
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\begin{equations} |
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\dstrans{\Handle \; M \; \With \; H} &=& |
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(\Rec~h~f.\ShallowHandle\; f\,\Unit \; \With \; \dstrans{H} h)\,(\lambda \Unit{}.\dstrans{M}) \\ |
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\dstrans{H}h &=& \dstrans{\hret}h \uplus \dstrans{\hops}h \\ |
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\dstrans{\{ \Return \; x \mapsto N\}} h &=& |
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% |
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\[ |
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\bl |
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\dstrans{-} : \CompCat \to \CompCat\\ |
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\dstrans{\Handle \; M \; \With \; H} \defas |
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(\Rec~h~f.\ShallowHandle\; f\,\Unit \; \With \; \dstrans{H}_h)\,(\lambda \Unit{}.\dstrans{M}) \medskip\\ |
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% \dstrans{H}h &=& \dstrans{\hret}h \uplus \dstrans{\hops}h \\ |
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\dstrans{-} : \HandlerCat \times \ValCat \to \HandlerCat\\ |
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\ba{@{}l@{~}c@{~}l} |
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\dstrans{\{ \Return \; x \mapsto N\}}_h &\defas& |
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\{ \Return \; x \mapsto \dstrans{N} \}\\ |
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\{ \Return \; x \mapsto \dstrans{N} \}\\ |
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\dstrans{\{ \ell \; p \; r \mapsto N_\ell \}_{\ell \in \mathcal{L}}} h &=& |
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\{ \ell \; p \; r \mapsto |
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\Let \; r \revto \Return \; \lambda x.h\,(\lambda \Unit{}.r\,x) \; \In \; |
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\dstrans{N_\ell} \}_{\ell \in \mathcal{L}} |
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\end{equations} |
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\dstrans{\{ \OpCase{\ell}{p}{r} \mapsto N_\ell \}_{\ell \in \mathcal{L}}}_h &\defas& |
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\{ \OpCase{\ell}{p}{r} \mapsto |
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\bl |
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\Let \; r \revto \Return \; \lambda x.h\,(\lambda \Unit{}.r\,x)\\ |
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\In\;\dstrans{N_\ell} \}_{\ell \in \mathcal{L}} |
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\el |
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\ea |
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\el |
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\] |
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% |
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The translation of $\Handle$ uses a $\Rec$-abstraction to introduce a |
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fresh name $h$ for the handler $H$. This name is used by the |
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translation of the handler definitions. The translation of |
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$\Return$-clauses is the identity, and thus ignores the handler |
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name. However, the translation of operation clauses uses the name to |
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simulate a deep resumption by guarding invocations of the shallow |
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resumption $r$ with $h$. |
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% \paragraph{Example} We illustrate the translation $\dstrans{-}$ on the |
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% \paragraph{Example} We illustrate the translation $\dstrans{-}$ on the |
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% EXAMPLE handler from Section~\ref{sec:strategies} (recall that the |
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% EXAMPLE handler from Section~\ref{sec:strategies} (recall that the |
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% variable $m$ is bound to the input computation). The example here is |
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% variable $m$ is bound to the input computation). The example here is |
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@ -11467,28 +11487,36 @@ translation on handler types as well as handler terms. |
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Formally, the translation $\sdtrans{-}$ is defined as the homomorphic |
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Formally, the translation $\sdtrans{-}$ is defined as the homomorphic |
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extension of the following equations to all types, terms, and type |
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extension of the following equations to all types, terms, and type |
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environments. |
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environments. |
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\begin{equations} |
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\sdtrans{C \Rightarrow D} &=& |
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\sdtrans{C} \Rightarrow \Record{\UnitType \to \sdtrans{C}; \UnitType \to \sdtrans{D}} \medskip \\ |
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\sdtrans{\ShallowHandle \; M \; \With \; H} &=& |
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% |
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\[ |
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\bl |
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\sdtrans{-} : \TypeCat \to \TypeCat\\ |
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\sdtrans{C \Rightarrow D} \defas |
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\sdtrans{C} \Rightarrow \Record{\UnitType \to \sdtrans{C}; \UnitType \to \sdtrans{D}} \medskip \medskip\\ |
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\sdtrans{-} : \CompCat \to \CompCat\\ |
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\sdtrans{\ShallowHandle \; M \; \With \; H} \defas |
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\ba[t]{@{}l} |
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\ba[t]{@{}l} |
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\Let\;z \revto \Handle \; \sdtrans{M} \; \With \; \sdtrans{H} \; \In\\ |
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\Let\;z \revto \Handle \; \sdtrans{M} \; \With \; \sdtrans{H} \; \In\\ |
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\Let\;\Record{f; g} = z \;\In\; |
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\Let\;\Record{f; g} = z \;\In\; |
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g\,\Unit |
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g\,\Unit |
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\ea \\ |
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\sdtrans{H} &=& \sdtrans{\hret} \uplus \sdtrans{\hops} \\ |
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\sdtrans{\{\Return \; x \mapsto N\}} &=& |
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\ea \medskip\\ |
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\sdtrans{-} : \HandlerCat \to \HandlerCat\\ |
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% \sdtrans{H} &=& \sdtrans{\hret} \uplus \sdtrans{\hops} \\ |
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\ba{@{}l@{~}c@{~}l} |
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\sdtrans{\{\Return \; x \mapsto N\}} &\defas& |
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\{\Return \; x \mapsto \Return\; \Record{\lambda \Unit.\Return\; x; \lambda \Unit.\sdtrans{N}}\} \\ |
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\{\Return \; x \mapsto \Return\; \Record{\lambda \Unit.\Return\; x; \lambda \Unit.\sdtrans{N}}\} \\ |
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\sdtrans{\{\ell\; p\; r \mapsto N\}_{\ell \in \mathcal{L}}} &=& \{ |
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\sdtrans{\{\OpCase{\ell}{p}{r} \mapsto N\}_{\ell \in \mathcal{L}}} &\defas& \{ |
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\bl |
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\bl |
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\ell\; p\; r \mapsto \\ |
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\quad \Let \;r \revto |
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\lambda x. \Let\; z \revto r\,x\; \In\; |
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\Let\; \Record{f; g} = z\; \In\; f\,\Unit |
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\; \In\\ |
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\quad \Return\;\Record{\lambda \Unit.\Let\; x \revto \Do\;\ell\,p\; \In\; r\,x; \lambda \Unit.\sdtrans{N}}\}_{\ell \in \mathcal{L}} |
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\OpCase{\ell}{p}{r} \mapsto\\ |
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\qquad\bl\Let \;r \revto |
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\lambda x. \Let\; z \revto r~x\;\In\; |
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\Let\; \Record{f; g} = z\; \In\; f\,\Unit\;\In\\ |
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\Return\;\Record{\lambda \Unit.\Let\; x \revto \Do\;\ell~p\; \In\; r~x; \lambda \Unit.\sdtrans{N}}\}_{\ell \in \mathcal{L}} |
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\el |
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\el |
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\end{equations} |
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\el |
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\ea |
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\el |
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\] |
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% |
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% |
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Each shallow handler is encoded as a deep handler that returns a pair |
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Each shallow handler is encoded as a deep handler that returns a pair |
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of thunks. The first forwards all operations, acting as the identity |
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of thunks. The first forwards all operations, acting as the identity |
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@ -11626,6 +11654,58 @@ $\semlab{Op^\dagger}$, which uses Lemma~\ref{lem:sdtrans-admin} to |
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approximate the body of the resumption up to administrative reduction. |
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approximate the body of the resumption up to administrative reduction. |
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\end{proof} |
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\end{proof} |
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\section{Parameterised handlers as ordinary deep handlers} |
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\label{sec:param-desugaring} |
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\newcommand{\PD}[1]{\mathcal{P}\cps{#1}} |
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% |
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As mentioned in Section~\ref{sec:unary-parameterised-handlers}, |
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parameterised handlers codify the parameter-passing idiom. They may be |
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seen as an optimised form of parameter-passing deep handlers. We now |
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show formally that parameterised handlers are special instances of |
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ordinary deep handlers. |
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% |
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We define a local transformation $\PD{-}$ which translates |
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parameterised handlers into ordinary deep handlers. We omit the |
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homomorphic cases and show only the interesting cases. |
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% |
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\[ |
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\bl |
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\PD{-} : \TypeCat \to \TypeCat\\ |
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\PD{\Record{C, A} \Rightarrow^\param B \eff E} \defas \PD{C} \Rightarrow (\PD{A} \to \PD{B \eff E})\eff \PD{E} \medskip\\ |
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\PD{-} : \CompCat \to \CompCat\\ |
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\PD{\ParamHandle\;M\;\With\;(q.\,H)(W)} \defas \left(\Handle\; \PD{M}\; \With\; \PD{H}_q\right)~\PD{W} \medskip\\ |
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\PD{-} : \HandlerCat \times \ValCat \to \HandlerCat\\ |
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\ba{@{}l@{~}c@{~}l} |
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\PD{\{\Return\;x \mapsto M\}}_q &\defas& \{\Return\;x \mapsto \lambda q. \PD{M}\}\\ |
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\PD{\{\OpCase{\ell}{p}{r} \mapsto M\}}_q &\defas& |
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\{\OpCase{\ell}{p}{r} \mapsto \lambda q. |
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\Let\; r \revto \Return\;\lambda \Record{x,q'}. r~x~q'\; |
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\In\; \PD{M}\} |
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\ea |
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\el |
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\] |
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% |
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The parameterised $\ParamHandle$ construct becomes an application of a |
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$\Handle$ construct to the translation of the parameter. The bodies of |
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return and operation clauses are each enclosed in a lambda abstraction |
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whose formal parameter is the handler parameter $q$. As a result the |
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ordinary deep resumption $r$ is a curried function. However, the uses |
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of $r$ in $M$ expects a binary function. To repair this discrepancy, |
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we construct an uncurried interface of $r$ via the function $r'$. |
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This translation of parameterised handlers simulates the native |
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semantics. As with the simulation of deep handlers via shallow |
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handlers in Section~\ref{sec:deep-as-shallow}, this simulation is only up |
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to congruence due to the need for an application of a pure function to |
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a variable to be reduced. The interesting cases of the proof appear in |
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Appendix~\ref{sec:param-proof}. |
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\begin{theorem}[Simulation of parameterised handlers by deep |
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handlers] |
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\label{thm:param-simulation} |
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If $M \reducesto N$ then $\PD{M} \reducesto^+_{\mathrm{cong}} \PD{N}$. |
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\end{theorem} |
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% \chapter{Computability, complexity, and expressivness} |
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% \chapter{Computability, complexity, and expressivness} |
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% \label{ch:expressiveness} |
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% \label{ch:expressiveness} |
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% \section{Notions of expressiveness} |
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% \section{Notions of expressiveness} |
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